Author :
Abstract
Bu çalışmada, İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri tarafından yürütülen Marmaray metro istas-yon inşaatı alanındaki Yenikapı kurtarma kazılarından getirilen 7 adet arkeolojik seramik ör-neği ele alınmıştır. Neolitik Dönem’den Bizans ve Türk dönemlerine değin buluntu veren yerleşim üzerindeki seramik örneklerin fırınlama sıcaklıklarının ve şartlarının tespiti için ATR-FTIR spektroskopisi tekniği uygulanmıştır. Örneklere ait ATR-FTIR spektrumları, 1800-400 cm-1 dalga sayısı aralığında alınmıştır. 2. derece türev spektrumlarından faydalanarak (2. sevi-ye polinomal derece ve 11. seviye Savitzky-Golay yumuşatma noktası) Yenikapı’ya ait tüm seramik örneklerinin mineralojik kompozisyonu ve fırınlama sıcaklıkları başarılı bir şekilde tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre; çalışılan seramik numunelerinin çoğunun hafif kalkerli simektitik bir kilden üretildiği ve başlıca meta-simektit, kuartz, kalsit ve alçıtaşından oluştuğu gözlemlenmiştir. Ayrıca farklı oranlarda rekarbonatlaşmış-kalsit, meta-kaolinit, diop-sit, Al-OH, illit, MnO2, magnetit, anortit, ortoklas ve hematit de saptanmıştır. Tespit edilen meta-simektit, Al-OH, anortit, ortoklas ve hematit/magnetit minerallerinin varlığı sebebiyle çalışılan seramik numunelerinin çoğunun 600-800 oC arasında hafif yükseltgen bir hava orta-mında fırınlandığı belirlenmiştir.
Keywords
Abstract
In this study, 7 archaeological ceramics samples, which brought from the Yenikapı res-cue excavations in the Marmaray metro station construction area carried out by the Istanbul Archeology Museums, were examined. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy technique was applied to de-termine the firing temperatures and conditions of the ceramic samples on the settlement, which has yielded findings from the Neolithic Period to the Byzantine and Turkish periods. ATR-FTIR spectra of the samples were taken in the wavelength range of 1800-400 cm-1. The mineralogical composition and firing temperatures of all ceramic samples belonging to Yeni-kapı were successfully determined by using the 2nd order derivative spectra (2nd level poly-nomal degree and 11th level Savitzky-Golay smoothing point). According to the results ob-tained; it was observed that most of the studied ceramic samples were produced from a slight-ly calcareous smectitic clay and consisted mainly of meta-smectite, quartz, calcite and gyp-sum. In addition, different proportions of recarbonated-calcite, meta-kaolinite, diopside, Al-OH, illite, MnO2, magnetite, anorthite, orthoclase and hematite were also detected. It was determined that most of the studied ceramic samples have been fired between 600-800oC in a slightly oxidizing air environment due to the presence of meta-smectite, Al-OH, anorthite, orthoclase and hematite / magnetite minerals.
Keywords
- Akyuz S, Akyuz T, Basaran S, Bolcal C, Gulec A (2007) FT-IR and micro - Raman spectroscopic study of decorated potteries from VI and VII century BC, excavated in ancient Ainos-Turkey Journal of Molecular Structure 834-836:150-153 doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2006.12.011
- Akyuz S, Akyuz T, Basaran S, Bolcal C, Gulec A (2008) Analysis of ancient potteries using FT-IR, micro-Raman and EDXRF spectrometry Vibrational Spectroscopy 48:276-280 doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vibspec.2008.02.011
- Asal, R. (2007). Commerce in Istanbul and the Port of Theodosius. Istanbul: 8000 Years brought to Daylight, 180-189.
- Bakirtzi D. P. (2002). Bakirtzi, Everday Life in Byzantium.
- Barilaro D, Barone G, Crupi V, Majolino D, Mazzoleni P, Tigano G, Venuti V (2008) FT-IR absorbance spectroscopy to study Sicilian “proto-majolica” pottery Vibrational Spectroscopy 48:269-275 doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vibspec.2008.01.005
- De Benedetto GE, Laviano R, Sabbatini L, Zambonin PG (2002) Infrared spectroscopy in the mineralogical characterization of ancient pottery Journal of Cultural Heritage 3:177-186 doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1296-2074(02)01178-0
- Dhanapandian S, Manoharan C, Sutharsan P (2012) Applications of FTIR and 57 Fe Mössbauer Techniques in Studies of Recently Excavated Indian Archaeological Pottery Acta Physica Polonica A 121:592-598 doi:10.12693/APhysPolA.121.592
- Fabbri B, Gualtieri S, Shoval S (2014) The presence of calcite in archeological ceramics Journal of the European Ceramic Society 34:1899-1911 doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2014.01.007
- Gualtieri A, Ferrari S (2006) Kinetics of Illite Dehydroxylation Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 33:490-501 doi:10.1007/s00269-006-0092-z
- Günsenin N. (1990). Les amphores byzantines (X-XI-IIé siecles) Typologie, Production, Circulation d’apres les collections turques.
- Günsenin N. (1993) Ganos. “Centre de production d’amphores a l’epoque Byzantine”AnatAnat II (1993), 93-201.
- Günsenin N. (1999). Günsenin, “From Ganos to Serçe Limanı”, The INA Quarterly, 26.3, Fall 1999, 18-21.
- Gyllius, P. (1997). İstanbul’un Tarihi Eserleri, (çev. E. Özbayoğlu), Eren Yayıncılık, İstanbul.
- Hayes J.W. (1992) Excavations at Saraçhane Istanbul 2 The Pottery, Princeton.
- Kızıltan Z. (2010). Marmaray-Metro Projeleri Kapsamında Yapılan, Yenikapı, Sirkeci ve Üsküdar Kazıları” U. Kocabaş (ed.) İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri, I.Marmaray-Metro Kurtarma Kazıları Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı 5-6 Mayıs 2008, İstanbul: 1-16.
- Kızıltan Z. (2011). Yenikapı Kurtarma Kazılarında Bulunan Neolitik Döneme Ait Ahşap Bir Figürin, Tüba- Ar, (14), 305-308.
- Macenzie RC, Rahman AA, Moir HM (1988) Interaction of kaolinite with calcite on heating. II. mixtures with one kaolinite in carbon dioxide Thermochimica Acta 124:119-127 doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(88)87013-8
- Mackenzie RC, Rahman AA (1987) Interaction of kaolinite with calcite on heating: I. instrumental and procedural factors for one kaolinite in air and nitrogen Thermochimica Acta 121:51-69 doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(87)80161-2
- Măruţoiu C, Bratu I, Ţiplic MI, Măruţoiu VC, Nemeş OF, Neamţu C, Hernanz A (2018) FTIR analysis and 3D restoration of Transylvanian popular pottery from the XVI-XVIII centuries Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 19:148-154 doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.02.044
- Mimaroğlu, S. (2011). Kadıkalesi/Anaia Bizans Dönemi Amphoraları. Sanat Tarihi Dergisi, 20(1), 63-92.
- Muller F, Drits V, Plançon A, Robert J-L (2000) Structural Transformation of 2:1 Dioctahedral Layer Silicates during Dehydroxylation-Rehydroxylation Reactions Clays and Clay Minerals 48:572-585 doi:10.1346/CCMN.2000.0480510
- Muller- Wiener W (1998) Bizans’tan Osmanlı’ya İstanbul Limanları, (çev. Erol Özbek), Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, İstanbul.
- Papakosta V, Lopez-Costas O, Isaksson S (2020) Multi-method (FTIR, XRD, PXRF) analysis of Ertebølle pottery ceramics from Scania, southern Sweden Archaeometry n/a doi:10.1111/arcm.12554
- Polymeris GS, Kiyak NG, Koul DK, Kitis G (2014) The Firing Temperature of Pottery from Ancient Mesopotamia, Turkey, Using Luminescence Methods: A Case Study for Different Grain-Size Fractions Archaeometry 56:805-817 doi:10.1111/arcm.12044
- Ravisankar R, Kiruba S, Pachamuthu E, Senthilkumar G, Chandrasekaran A (2010) Mineralogical Characterization Studies of Ancient Potteries of Tamilnadu, India by FTIR Spectroscopic Technique Journal of Chemistry 7 doi:10.1155/2010/643218
- Riccardi MP, Messiga B, Duminuco P (1999) An approach to the dynamics of clay firing Applied Clay Science 15:393-409 doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-1317(99)00032-0
- Shoval S (1988) Mineralogical changes upon heating calcitic and dolomitic marl rocks Thermochimica Acta 135:243-252 doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(88)87393-3
- Shoval S (2003) Using FT-IR spectroscopy for study of calcareous ancient ceramics Optical Materials 24:117-122 doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-3467(03)00114-9
- Shoval S, Beck P (2005) Thermo-FTIR spectroscopy analysis as a method of characterizing ancient ceramic technology Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 82:609-616 doi:10.1007/s10973-005-0941-x
- Shoval S, Gaft M, Beck P, Kirsh Y (1993) Thermal behaviour of limestone and monocrystalline calcite tempers during firing and their use in ancient vessels Journal of Thermal Analysis 40:263-273 doi:10.1007/BF02546577
- Shoval S, Paz Y (2015) Analyzing the fired-clay ceramic of EBA Canaanite pottery using FT- IR spectroscopy and LA-ICP-MS Periodico di Mineralogia 84:213-231 doi:10.2451/2015PM0011
- Shoval S, Yadin E, Panczer G (2011) Analysis of thermal phases in calcareous Iron Age pottery using FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 104:515-525 doi:10.1007/s10973-011-1518-5
- Taner G (2019) Yenikapı 20 Batığın Konstrüksiyon Özellikleri ve Yapım Tekniği Önerisi, (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi), İstanbul Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
- Türker A.Ç. (2005). “Gelibolu’da Bizans Seramikleri ve Ökaristik Ekmek Damgası” Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 22.2, 87-104.
- Türker A.Ç. (2006). “Bizans Dönemi Demre-Myra Sırsız Seramik Buluntuları” Adalya IX,155- 169.
- Van Doorninck F. H. (1989) “The Cargo Amphoras on the 7th Century Yassı Ada and 11th Century Serçe Limanı Shipwrecks: Two Examples of a Reuse of Byzantine areas Transport Jars”, BCH Suppl. XVIII,(1989) , 247-257.
- Velraj G, Ramya R, Hemamalini R (2012) FT-IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and porosity measurements to determine the firing temperature of ancient megalithic period potteries excavated at Adichanallur in Tamilnadu, South India Journal of Molecular Structure 1028:16-21 doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2012.06.026
- Velraj G, Tamilarasu S, Ramya R (2015) FTIR, XRD and SEM-EDS Studies of Archaeological Pottery Samples from Recently Excavated Site in Tamil Nadu, India Materials Today: Proceedings 2:934-942 doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2015.06.012
- Yu RS, Ito K, Hirata K, Sato K, Zheng W, Kobayashi Y (2003) Positron annihilation study of defects and Si nanoprecipitation in sputter-deposited silicon oxide films Chemical Physics Letters 379:359-363 doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2003.08.056
